Linux Commands
date - display or set the system
date and time
date
uname - display system informatio
uname
uname –a(all)
uname –r(recursive/ পুনরাবৃত্তি)
whoami - display the current user
name
whoami
pwd - print the current working
directory
pwd
sudo - execute a command as another
user or with elevated privileges
sudo
su - switch user to become another
user
su <user>
cd - change the current directory
cd <dir_name>
cd .. – back to the directory
cd ..
ls - list the files and directories
in the current directory
ls
touch - create a new empty file or
update the timestamp of an existing file
touch shayan.txt
mkdir - create a new directory
mkdir <file name>
cp - copy files or directories
Ø #We will copy a file called example.txt from the current directory to a directory called backup
cp example.txt backup/
mv - move or rename files or
directories
mv example.txt backup/
rm - remove file
rm example.txt
rmdir - remove directories
rm <dir name>
man - manual for a command
man ls
nano - concatenate and display files
nano example.txt
cat - concatenate and display files
cat example.txt
htop - an interactive process viewer
and system monitor
htop
tar - create or extract compressed archive files
Ø # x: extract files from an archive
Ø # t: list the contents of an archive
Ø # r: append files to an existing archive
Ø # z: use gzip compression
Ø # j: use bzip2 compression
Ø # cf: create file
Ø # xf: extract file
tar cf archive.tar file
gzip - compress files
gzip file.txt
gunzip - decompress compressed files
gunzip file.txt.gz
ping - test network connectivity
ping 8.8.8.8
ifconfig - display or configure
network interfaces
ifconfig
netstat - display network connection
information
netstat
route - view or configure network
routing tables
route [options] [add/delete/show]
top - display system resource usage
and processes
top
ps - display information about
running processes
ps aux
kill - terminate a process
kill [PID]
systemctl - control system services and settings
Ø # Start the nginx service
systemctl start nginx
Ø # Check the status of the nginx service
systemctl status nginx
Ø # Stop the nginx service
systemctl stop nginx
service - control system services
service apache2 start
useradd - add a new user to the
system
useradd MR
passwd - change the password for a
user
passwd MR
userdel - delete a user from the
system
userdel MR
which - locate a program or command
in the system path
which ls
finger - displays all the
information about user
finger harry
chmod - change the permissions of a file or directory
Ø # The first digit represents the owner of the file/directory
Ø # The second digit represents the group that the file/directory belongs to
Ø # Admin(rwx), Group(rw), Public(r)
Ø # The third digit represents all other users
Ø # 0 (no permission)
Ø # 1 (execute only)
Ø # 2 (write only)
Ø # 4 (read only)
chmod <permission number> file.txt
chown - change the owner of a file
or directory
chown new_owner example.txt
ssh - connect to a remote server
securely
ssh username@server_address
scp - securely copy files between
systems
scp myfile.txt user@remotehost:/home/user/
history - display a list of
previously executed commands
history
locate - locate any file on the
system
locate file.txt
sudo apt install - It is responsible for installation, removal, and updating of software in our system
Ø # command is used to download the latest version of your desired application from an online software repository pointed to by your sources. list configuration file and and install that application on your Linux machine.
sudo apt install <soft name>
sudo apt remove <soft name>
dpkg - A medium-level package manager for Debian
Ø # dpkg-deb is a command line tool in Linux used to manipulate Debian package files (which have a .deb file extension).
dpkg <soft name>
dpkg -i <soft name>
dpkg -r <soft name>
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